Effect of herbicide application on weed flora under conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe

Increased challenges of weed control in the smallholder farming sector of southern Africa have often resulted in small yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different weed control strategies on weed flora and composition under conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Zimbabwe. This study was conducted at three on-station trial sites namely Domboshawa Training Centre (DTC), University of Zimbabwe farm (UZ farm) and Henderson Research Station (HRS) in a maize–soybean rotation for four seasons from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 seasons. Hand weeding was done whenever weeds were 10 cm tall or 10 cm in circumference for weeds with a stoloniferous growth habit. Weed identification was done up to the weed species level, and the Shannon–Weiner diversity and evenness index was used to determine the response of weed flora to herbicides. Results showed that there were more weeds in the early years which decreased gradually until the final season. Weed species diversity was not affected by herbicide application and the results indicated that weed species diversity was small in CA systems. Annual weed species constituted a greater proportion of species, and species richness decreased with the duration of the study. Richardia scabra L. and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. were the most common dominant weed species at all sites and in all seasons. Moreover, herbicide application had no effect on the evenness of weeds in the plots but site characteristics had a significant effect on the distribution of weed species (weed species evenness). The results presented in this study suggest that herbicide application facilitates a depletion of weed seed bank/number of weeds over time. Thus, herbicide application in CA has potential to reduce weed density, species richness and species diversity in the long term which may lead to more labour savings and larger yields.     

闽西清香型烤烟配套栽培技术研究

为了规范烤烟栽培模式,对清香型烤烟配套栽培技术进行了试验研究,提出了适时播栽、培育壮苗、精耕细作、盖膜待栽、控制施氮、合理追肥、"膜上"栽烟、科学管水、掀(揭)膜培土、病虫防治、拔节打顶、成熟采烤等配套栽培技术。     

Most fish destined for fishmeal production are food‐grade fish

Marine fisheries target and catch fish both for direct human consumption (DHC) as well as for fishmeal and fish oil, and other products. We derived the fractions used for each for 1950–2010 by fishing country, and thus provide a factual foundation for discussions of the optimal use of fisheries resources. From 1950 to 2010, 27% (~20 million tonnes annually) of globally reconstructed marine fisheries landings were destined for uses other than DHC. Importantly, 90% of fish destined for uses other than DHC are food‐grade or prime food‐grade fish, while fish without a ready market for DHC make up a much smaller proportion. These findings have implications for how we are using fish to feed ourselves or, more appropriately, how we are not using fish to feed ourselves.     

不同水分胁迫下的小麦/玉米间作群体响应机理研究

为探明不同水分胁迫下小麦/玉米间作群体响应机理,试验设置了1个充分灌水、3个不同水分胁迫程度间作处理及2个充分灌水单作对照处理。结果表明:共生期内,各间作处理间普遍存在小麦条带水分捕获当量比高于玉米条带的现象,随水分胁迫的加剧,此趋势愈加明显;随着生育期的推进,此趋势渐弱甚至出现反转,而带间的水分相对竞争能力则呈现逐渐下降的规律。在根系分布特征方面,充分灌溉下间作群体平均根系分布深度为17. 15～17. 24 cm,其根质量密度的90. 42%～90. 77%分布于耕层内,其中小麦为87. 49%～88. 70%,玉米为92. 63%～92. 81%,而水分胁迫会显著影响间作群体根系的空间分布。在间作优势方面,要保持间作优势,每次灌水最少需满足80%左右的田间持水率,随水分胁迫程度的增加,间作群体土地当量比呈现先微升、后下降的规律,且间作玉米的偏土地当量比下降速率快于间作小麦。在种间相对竞争能力方面,表现出随水分胁迫的加剧,小麦相对于玉米先微升、后快速下降,并逐渐近于消失的趋势。间作群体的特殊性造成了两作物条带存在时间与空间上的土壤水分差异,进而导致灌溉水入渗速度及入渗总量的不同,而水分胁迫增大了这种趋势,这在一定程度上满足了灌溉水的最佳去处,从而提高了间作群体的水分利用效率,进而揭示了间作群体的节水增产机理。     

栽植密度对不同种源芡实生长的影响

对不同栽植密度条件下,不同种源地芡实的生长情况进行了调查研究,结果表明:不同栽植密度间芡实的叶均直径、叶最大直径、果径、果长、果质量、粒数、粒质量均无明显差异,不同栽植密度间产量存在差异;不同种源地间8项物理性状指标均无明显差异;除果长与栽植密度的交互作用对产量无影响外,其余6种性状与栽植密度的交互作用均存在差异,表明交互作用对产量有影响。7种性状与种源地的交互作用下,种源地与产量间的关联不大。     

广西独立学院应用型本科食品专业生产实习学生去向分析

探讨食品专业生产实习学生去向特点,为产教融合培养食品专业应用型人才提供参考。以广西科技大学鹿山学院食品专业生产实习数据为基础进行计算分析。结果表明,食品检测机构和食品企业是学生实习的主要去向,其中到食品检测机构实习的学生比例逐年增加,且以集中实习为主;广东和广西是学生实习的主要聚集地,其中以广东一线城市为主;实习单位地理位置、实习待遇、上班制度及学生择业等因素影响实习去向。可见,本科食品专业与广东一线城市食品检测机构深度融合协同培养应用型人才具有良好的基础条件。     

不同施氮量下覆膜滴灌玉米相对根长密度模型研究

为探明施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区覆膜滴灌玉米根长密度(RLD)的影响,设置5个施氮水平和1个对照(CK,不施氮与不覆膜)进行试验,测定玉米RLD,建立不同施氮量下相对根长密度(NRLD)模型,并加以检验。结果表明:不同施氮处理的玉米RLD分布区域均随土层深度的增加而减小,且大部分集中在0～20 cm土层;随着施氮量的增加,RLD分布区域明显扩大; NRLD分布满足三阶多项式函数模型,模拟曲线的决定系数R2为0.951,模型检验结果R2为0.845,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.248,拟合效果好,但该多项式模型不能保证NRLD在相对取样深度Zr为1时达到0,故对玉米NRLD分布多项式模型进行优化。优化模型验证结果显示,各施氮处理RMSE不大于0.308,CK、N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的标准化均方根误差分别为0.242、0.193、0.184、0.226、0.208和0.273,R2分别为0.903、0.953、0.920、0.944、0.962和0.898,具有较高的拟合度,解决了NRLD在Zr=1时达到0的问题。本研究可为宁夏引黄灌区膜下滴灌玉米NRLD分布拟合、根系养分吸收和施肥管理提供理论参考。     

基于信息抽取的食品安全事件自动问答系统方法研究

针对从海量食品安全事件新闻报道中很难抽取出所需答案的问题，以食品安全事件语料库为研究对象，提出了一种基于信息抽取技术的自动问答系统。首先，利用深度学习模型TextCNN对用户输入的问题进行分类，得到其所属类型。其次，对于输入问题，借助Lucene搜索引擎找到其最佳匹配文档。再次，根据输入问题的类型，从食品安全事件数据库（采用信息抽取技术自动提取的一个结构化数据库）中筛选出该文档所包含的答案候选句集合。最后，利用深度学习模型Bi LSTM及基于答案候选句上下文的特征提取方法构建一个答案抽取模型，该模型能从给定的答案候选句集合中提取出最终答案。为检查基于食品安全事件数据库的答案候选句筛选方式及基于答案候选句上下文的特征提取方式对整个自动问答系统性能的影响，进行了多种比较实验，结果表明含有基于食品安全事件数据库的答案候选句筛选方式和基于答案候选句上下文的特征提取方式的问答系统表现最佳，其回答准确率达到44%。这相比于传统的问答系统，具有明显的优势。     

鱼腥草系列食品开发及其接受度评价

以新鲜鱼腥草为主要原料,设计开发鱼腥草辣椒酱、鱼腥草袋泡茶、鱼腥草饮料和鱼腥草纤维蛋糕四种鱼腥草系列加工食品,通过感官评价分析每个产品的风味特点和人群接受度。结果表明,鱼腥草搭配其他配料可以加工成酱、茶、饮料和蛋糕等产品,四个鱼腥草系列加工食品的风味各有特点,其中鱼腥草豆豉辣椒酱和鱼腥草粗纤维蛋糕的接受度较高。通过添加配料改善鱼腥草产品的风味,不但保留了鱼腥草的味道,而且使不喜食鲜鱼腥草的人群可以接受其加工型产品。     

Evaluation of Intestinal Absorption of Dietary Halocynthiaxanthin,a Carotenoid from the Sea Squirt Halocynthia roretzi

Halocynthiaxanthin is an acetylenic carotenoid mainly found in Halocynthia roretzi. To date, several bioactivities of halocynthiaxanthin have been reported, but its mechanism of digestion and absorption in mammals has not been studied yet. In this study, we evaluated the intestinal absorption of halocynthiaxanthin in mice. The halocynthiaxanthin-rich fraction was prepared from the tunicate Halocynthia roretzi. Mice were orally administered the fraction at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The halocynthiaxanthin levels in the plasma, liver, and small intestine, were quantified using HPLC-PDA, 1, 3, 6, and 9 h after ingestion. The halocynthiaxanthin-rich fraction mainly consisted of the all-trans form and a small amount of cis forms. These three isomers were detected in the plasma of mice 3 h after ingestion. Time-course changes after the ingestion of this fraction were found, with cis isomers being more abundant than the all-trans isomer in the mouse plasma and liver. In the small intestine, however, the all-trans isomer was primarily detected. The possibility that cis isomers might be absorbed rapidly from the small intestine cannot be denied, but our results suggest that dietary all-trans-halocynthiaxanthin might be isomerized to the cis isomer after intestinal absorption.